Anxiety and behavior focuses on the analysis of factors and conditions that contribute to anxiety, including stress, emotional disturbance, and psychosomatic disorders. The license to reproduce is a data license for research purposes only. The development of a sixitem shortform of the state scale of the. Download stai spielberger state trait anxiety inventory categories view all login register. The authors found a onethird letter grade difference between undergraduates with high test anxiety and low test anxiety. Reliability data revealed that the astate and atrait scales had a high internal consistency, and high itemtotal correlations were found for most of the items under each scale. Spielberger scale definition of spielberger scale by.
Then, data were analyzed by spss at two levels descriptive and. Two studies are reported describing the development of a shortform of the state scale of the spielberger statetrait anxiety inventory stai for use in circumstances where. Early measures of anxiety such as taylors 1953 manifest anxiety scale tmas characterized anxiety. State anxiety refers to transitory unpleasant feelings of apprehension, tension, nervousness or worry, often accompanied by activation of the autonomic nervous system. Teter sp 009 925 title application of the spielberger traitstate anxiety. Two studies are reported describing the development of a shortform of the state scale of the spielberger statetrait anxiety. It also is often used in research as an indicator of caregiver distress.
A commonly used questionnaire to assess anxiety is the. How can i get permission to use the spielberger short stai scale for. A study of the statetrait anxiety inventory and the. The statetrait anxiety inventory stai is a psychological inventory based on a 4 point likert. Development of a shortened state anxiety scale from the spielberger. The statetrait anxiety inventory stai is one of the most longstanding and frequently used measures of anxiety, appearing in over 3000 studies spielberger, 1989. This particular instrument is used to simplify the separation between state anxiety and trait anxiety, feelings of anxiety. Swedish pupils in general have few tests and a recognised possible adverse effect of testing is test anxiety among pupils, which may have a negative impact on examination performance.
Anxiety evaluates relatively stable aspects of anxiety proneness, including general states of calmness, confidence, and security. This particular instrument is used to simplify the separation between state anxiety and trait anxiety, feelings of anxiety and depression. State trait anxiety inventory stai measures how the subject feels right now on 40 items with answer choices of 1 not at all almost never, 2 somewhatsometimes, 3 moderately so often, and 4 very much so almost always the behavior observation scale. See validation items are all scored positive, making it the scale easy. Measuring epistemic curiosity and its diversive and specific components litman and spielbergerepistemic curiosity jordan a. Anger scale, hostility scale, spielberger anger expression scale psychology a device that measures a pts levels of hostilityanger suppression and expression.
The state trait anxiety inventory is a test questionnaire given to adults that shows how strong a persons feelings of anxiety are. Spielbergers most popular book is stress and anxiety, volume 1. Spielberger center for research in behavioral medicine and health psychology university of south florida. A significant correlation was found between the short stai by proxy scores and the childrens selfreports on the modified short stai using talking mats in the age group three to four years r 0.
Description download stai spielberger state trait anxiety inventory comments. For items on the astate scale, the mean percentage of ss showing increased anxiety per 1tem on the second administration was 80. Statetrait anxiety inventory self evaluation questionnaire. Trait anxiety as measured by the korean version of the trait anxiety scale has good concurrent validity with. Spielberger and reheiser 2009 reported stability coefficients ranging from.
Three high testanxious and three low testanxious female subjects were selected from a sample of 239 undergraduates on the basis of extreme scores on the test anxiety scale and average scores on the general anxiety scale. After determining the prevalence, 30 people who had high anxiety scores were randomly classified into two 15subject groups in experimental group and control group. It was designed to assess levels of state anxiety and traint anxiety, through 40 items scored by a likert scale. Assessing childrens anxiety using the modified short state. Higher scores are positively correlated with higher levels of anxiety. Is the most widely used, and therefore the international standard. Test anxiety inventory spielberger major reference. Statetrait anxiety inventory for children staic the. The astate scale examines the shorterterm state anxiety that is commonly specific to situations. Scores items both positive and negative, so that left and right response bias does. The anxiety scale correlated highly with the standard questionnaire for measuring anxiety. The cutoff score for high anxiety was derived from spielberger s manual which provides normative data for children aged 517 yr.
If that is your score, the changes are you wouldnt be looking at this book. Five independent subscales comprise the staxi, including state anger, trait anger, angerin, angerout, and anger control. Trait anxiety is defined as anxiety proneness that is an individual s tendency to respond to stressful situations with raised state anxiety. The complexity of anxiety phenomena, the ambiguity and vagueness in theoretical conceptions of anxiety, the lack of appropriate measuring instruments, and ethical problems associated with inducing anxiety in laboratory settings, all contributed to the paucity of research.
Description of the stai the stai consists for a 40 items self evaluation questionnaire which includes separate measures of state and trait anxiety. It prompts the child to rate 20 statements from hardly ever true to often true. The chinese version of the statetrait anxiety inventory stai was administered to 2150 chinese secondaryschool students. The stai has 40 items, 20 items allocated to each of the s. It can be used in clinical settings to diagnose anxiety and to distinguish it from depressive syndromes. Exploratory factor analysis techniques were used to create a shortened, 6item scale. To capture situational anxiety, phobia and broader short and long term state versus trait dysfunction the liebowitz social anxiety scale and statetrait anxiety inventory were the chosen measures. The relationship between test anxiety and academic self. Both the anxiety and the needforinformation scale showed good psychometric properties and were feasible in clinical practice. The atrait scale measures longerterm trait anxiety, which addresses how the child generally feels. The scoring key is used for scoring the scales by hand. The goal was to describe the content validity of a short version of the state subscale of spielberger s statetrait anxiety inventory stai, based on the original version adapted to spanish, in spanish.
According to spielberger 1980, test anxiety inventory is especially designed to measure the test anxiety of high school and college students. The statetrait anxiety inventory stai is a psychological inventory based on a 4point likert scale and consists of 40 questions on a selfreport basis. The statetrait anxiety inventory form y is a brief selfrating scale for the assessment of state and trait anxiety. Test anxiety scale, abolghsemis test anxiety inventory tai and spielberger s test anxiety scale were studied, and many interviews were conducted with online learning students who had a high level of test anxiety. We use cookies to offer you a better experience, personalize content, tailor advertising, provide social media features, and better understand the use of our services. The development of a sixitem shortform of the state scale. State anxiety can be defined as a transient momentary emotional status that results from situational stress. Spielberger, 1988 involves an integration of two previously developed inventories, the statetrait anger scale and the anger expression ax scale. Psychometric properties of the state trait inventory for. Test anxiety total tait, test anxiety worry taiw, and test anxiety emotionality taie. The scale has been translated into numerous languages and its overall factor structure has been examined in a variety of samples. This study investigated the nature and effects of test anxiety in terms of behavioral, cognitive, and physiological responses in an academic testing situation. A score of 12 or below ranks in the lowtest anxiety.
Relationship between test anxiety and academic achievement 68 coefficient reported for total scale taitotal ranged from 0. The stai measures two types of anxiety state anxiety, or anxiety about an event, and trait anxiety, or anxiety level as a personal characteristic. We look here at the benefits and shortcomings of several test anxiety scales. The statetrait anxiety inventory stai american psychological. The stai atrait scale had 20 statements to ask how they generally feel, but the astate scale had 20 statements to ask how they feel at a particular moment. Retest of state trait anxiety inventory stai among. Reliability and psychometric properties of the greek. Pub date may 75 note 19p presented to the north american society of. An analysis of the nature and effects of test anxiety. Litman department of psychology university of south florida charles d.
The stai interchangeability rating related anxiety instruments was. During examinations, individuals high in test anxiety are more likely to experience frequent and intense elevations in anxiety as an emotional state s. Spielberger developed the stai in the context of his experimental work on the links between anxiety and learning ability, and reflected limitations in existing measures of anxiety for use in such research 2. Questionnaire penate, 2001 were also high, with indexes ranging from. Scores for both the sanxiety and the t anxiety scales can vary from a minimum of 20 to a maximum of 80. Apr 02, 2016 in 2008, putwain examined the effect of gender and socioeconomic background on test anxiety, and the performance in the general certificate of secondary education gcse.
It contains 20 items to assess state anxiety and another 20 items to measure trait anxiety. The distribution of the childrens scoring before and after the procedure is presented in table 3. The stai is a frequently used instrument to measure temporary or state anxiety with respect to threatening demands and chronic or trait anxiety, which is defined as an individual response in the anticipation of threatening situations. The statetrait anxiety inventory contains separate selfreport scales to measure two distinct anxiety concepts. State anxiety is defined as a transitory, emotional condition characterised by subjective feelings of tension and apprehension. Westside test anxiety scale rate how true each of the following is of you, from extremely or always true, to not at all or never true. A sixth scale involves an arithmetic combination of the angerin, anger. The test anxiety levels of 557 secondary school students in the uk were assessed through the spielbergers test anxiety inventory 1980. Spielberger also created other questionnaires, like the stai, that assessed other emotions.
Similarly, the eigenvalues for three scales of test anxiety inventory. This volume is concerned with emotional reactions to stress a. Development of a shortened state anxiety scale from the. Spielberger is survived by his wife, carol, and his son, nicholas. Spielbergers statetrait anger expression inventory application azevedo et al.
The participants included 300 sampled through spielberger test anxiety questionnaire and clinical interview. It was designed to assess levels of state anxiety and traint anxiety, through 40 items scored by a likertscale. Exploratory factor analysis techniques were used to create a shortened, 6item scale, which accounted for 66. The selection first offers information on theories and research on anxiety and the nature and measurement of anxiety. Tilburg university development of a short version of the dutch. Spielberger state trait anxiety inventory stai spielberger 1983 is a selfreported instrument. Results confirmed that positive mental imagery reduces feelings of anxiety and demonstrated, for the first time, the effectiveness of a.
The developedinstrument is a reliable, valid and empirical measure to assess the severity ofexamination anxiety. Development of a shortened state anxiety scale from the spielberger statetrait anxiety inventory stai for patients. Reliability and validity of the spielberger statetrait. Spielberger cd, gorsuch rl, lushene r, vagg pr, jacobs ga. My department is studying the effects of listening to music on the anxiety of childeren undergoing adenotonsillectomy and i am needing a scoring tool to help. The total number of true checks is your test anxiety score. Intake of the cp2305 tablet significantly reduced anxiety and sleep disturbance relative to placebo, as quantitated by the spielberger statetrait anxiety inventory and the pittsburgh sleep. The stai, or statetrait anxiety inventory stai is an instrument that quantifies adult anxiety a childrens version is also available.
The short scale has shown adequate content validity for spanish patients receiving imv. Abstract past studies on the factor validity of the trait subscale of the spielberger s statetrait anxiety inventory stait do unanimously agree on its structure. Pdf stai spielberger state trait anxiety inventory. The trait anxiety scale consists of 20 statements that ask the respondents to describe how they generally feel 3. This license grants you permission to collect and disclose a item scores and scale scores, b statistical analyses of those. The correlation between statetrait anxiety inventory spielberger, gorsuch. Reliability and factorial structure of the chinese version. A score of 12 or below ranks in the lowtest anxiety range. According to the literature we found that 1 women have a higher score on the anxiety. In an attempt to verify our suspicion and confirm the expectation, 420 senior secondary school students made up of 210 males and 210 females aged between and 19 years responded to test anxiety, trait anxiety, and depressive symptoms inventories.
The development of a sixitem shortform of the state. Twohundred ventilated patients were recruited from nine icus in the urban midwest. To this end, melanlioglus 2014 reading anxiety scale, a 5 point likert scale consisting of 14 questions, was used. Reiss equates spielberger s definition of trait anxiety with neuroticism, which is an oversimplification, and reiss also states that spielberger s conceptualization of state and trait anxiety is not based on observables. Although its psychometric properties had already been assessed for brazilian college students and navy recruits, the pres. According to studies by spielberger 1970, testretest correlations were calculated to be.
Naval reserve from 1946 to 1979, retiring at the rank of commander. It can be used in clinical settings to diagnose anxiety. Scale changes are found to be closely related to grade changes, suggesting that the scale is a sensitive register of anxiety impairments. Measuring epistemic curiosity and its diversive and specific. The state anxiety scale consists of 20 statements to indicate how the respondents feel at a particular moment in time. Using itemremainder correlations, the most highly correlated anxiety present and anxiety. Spielberger statetrait anxiety inventory springerlink. Pdf statetrait anger expression inventory semantic. State trait anxiety inventory the discussion of state trait anxiety inventory is explained with the description of the stai and also the prior studies of stai. Existing selfreport measures of anxiety such as the. Statetrait anxiety inventory for adults mental health solutions. There is also a stai for children staic with the same number of.
The amsterdam preoperative anxiety and information scale. The aim of the current preliminary study was to assess the psychometric properties of its greek translation. Spielberger s statetrait anger expression inventory application azevedo et al. Application of the spielbergers statetrait anger expression. Spielberger has 57 books on goodreads with 174 ratings. The aim of this study is to determine students views on reading anxiety with regards to variables of gender and grade levels of the students and socioeconomic level of the schools. Spielberger does not differentiate between anxiety and fear. Items 1, 5, 9, 10, 12 and 20 from the original scale are the most relevant for the spanish patients receiving imv and 5 of these are included in the short version of the scale 83. Spanish experimental version of the statetrait depression. Respondents are asked to rate themselves on each item on the basis of a 4point likert scale. As the scale is brief and easily administered, is public access and free of charge to schools, and is shown to be a reliable and valid measure, it is recommended that the westside test anxiety scale be considered by intervention programs to screen for test anxiety. Content validity of the short version of the subscale of the. An instrument development study was conducted to develop a shortened scale from the 20item spielberger state anxiety inventory.
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